民用飞机燃油箱富氮气体分配方案选型设计方法初探

适航条款对民用飞机燃油箱内氧气浓度有明确规定,从而对燃油箱富氮气体分配方案的设计提出较高要求。基于燃油箱冲洗惰化理论,以某型飞机燃油箱为例,对燃油箱富氮气体分配方案选型设计方法进行研究。根据燃油箱容积和惰化时间,通过利用单舱燃油箱数学模型计算获得富氮气体需求量;然后利用多隔舱燃油箱数学模型,以简化管路布置为寻优目标获得富氮气体分配方案。使用数学模拟的方法可快速评估富氮气体分配方案性能,特别适用于大量设计参数尚未确定的方案选型设计阶段。     

Ionosphere modelling for Galileo single frequency users: Illustration of the combination of the NeQuick model and GNSS data ingestion

The ionospheric effect remains one of the main factors limiting the accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) including Galileo. For single frequency users, this contribution to the error budget will be mitigated by an algorithm based on the NeQuick global ionospheric model. This quick-run empirical model provides flexible solutions for combining ionospheric information obtained from various sources, from GNSS to ionosondes and topside sounders. Hence it constitutes an interesting simulation tool not only serving Galileo needs for mitigation of the ionospheric effect but also widening the use of new data.     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

Low Velocity Collisions and the Growth of Planetesimals

The physics of low velocity collisions (5 m/s to 40 m/s) between basalt bodies ranging in size from 1 m to 10 km is studied in an effort to investigate the early phases of planetesimal accretions. To assess the importance of the internal structure of planetesimals on the outcome of the collisions, we model them either as solid spheres or as rubble piles with a filling factor of 0.5. The collisions are simulated using a three dimensional Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) code that incorporates the combined effects of material strength and a brittle fragmentation model. This approach allows the determination not only of the mass of the largest fragments surviving the collisions but also their dynamical characteristics. We find that low velocity collisions are for equal incoming kinetic energy per gram of target material considerably more efficient in destroying and dispersing bodies than their high velocity counterparts. Furthermore, planetesimals modeled as rubble piles are found to be characterized by a disruption threshold about 5 times smaller than solid bodies. Both results are a consequence of a more efficient momentum transfer between projectile and fragments in collisions involving bodies of comparable sizes. Size and shape dependent gas drag is shown to provide relative collision velocities between similar meter-sized objects well in excess of the critical disruption threshold of either rubble piles or solid bodies. Unless accretion can proceed avoiding collisions between bodies of similar masses, the relative weakness of bodies in this size range creates a serious bottleneck for planetesimal growth. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

凸起数对各封严结构封严效率影响的实验

实验用二氧化碳体积分数测量法研究了凸起数目的变化对盘腔内各参数（静压、总压、封严效率）的影响,目的是获得不同封严结构的封严效率和最小封严流量随凸起数目的变化规律。实验在主流雷诺数和旋转雷诺数为一定范围内,测量了不同封严流量下的参数。结果表明:在实验工况范围内,凸起的数目变化对腔内的静压影响较小,靠近封严环的静压变化几乎可以忽略;而总压和封严效率都和凸起数目成正比,但不同封严结构的变化程度有所不同。从整体上看,径向封严结构效率的提升最明显,轴向封严和静盘双齿封严改善较小。平均每增加一个凸起,三种结构所需的最小封严流量分别可以减少0.96%、0.30%、0.28%。此外,安装了凸起后,旋转雷诺数对封严效率的影响也会更加明显。      

ΔDsat,a QB50 CubeSat mission to study rarefied-gas drag modelling

A CubeSat mission to study the impact of flow incidence angle, surface material and surface roughness on gas–surface interactions on spacecraft in low Earth orbits has been designed. To accomplish this scientific goal the CubeSat deploys a variable geometry aerofoil capable of exposing different surfaces to the flow at different incident angles. By using the on-board GPS measurements and an orbit determination technique the drag experienced by the CubeSat can be estimated. The CubeSat has been designed to be part of the QB50 mission, and hence it carries a sensor that can take in-situ measurements of the atmosphere. This is then used to estimate the atmospheric density and hence to extract information on the drag coefficient. To minimise any bias present in the measurement chain a differential approach is used. Therefore no absolute drag coefficients are estimated, instead, ratios of drag coefficients are computed. This allows direct comparisons of the drag coefficients of different materials, different surface roughness or different incident angles. Simulations indicate that this CubeSat mission will be able to obtain drag coefficient ratios with an uncertainty level of less than 5%.     

Comparative study of productivity of the Rosetta target Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

In an attempt to evaluate correlations between several properties of comets we report the results of a cometary research involving a criterious analysis of gas and dust mass production rates in Comets 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (main target of Rosetta Mission), 1P/Halley, Hyakutake (C/1996 B2), and 46P/Wirtanen and make a comparison between them.     

蒸汽吸入对压气机气动稳定性影响试验和数值研究

研究蒸汽吸入和旋流畸变对压气机气动稳定性的影响,以某两级低速轴流压气机为试验研究对象,建立压气机蒸汽吸入和旋流畸变试验台。试验结果表明:压气机吸入蒸汽引起入口总压和总温畸变,转速增加,总压畸变强度增大,总温畸变强度减小。蒸汽吸入导致总压比和稳定裕度降低,当压气机转速为600 r/min和800 r/min时,稳定裕度分别降低15%和63%。蒸汽吸入和反向整体涡旋流畸变两者共同作用下稳定裕度下降更为显著,当转速为600 r/min和800 r/min时,稳定裕度分别降低630%和1264%。对试验压气机进行蒸汽吸入数值模拟研究,结果表明:压气机转速为600 r/min和800 r/min时,稳定裕度分别降低321%和812%。     

Optimisation of X-ray proportional counters for Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) on ASTROSAT

The Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) on ASTROSAT is a position-sensitive gas-filled proportional counter with a wide field of view. The scientific objective of SSM is to scan the sky within few hours to detect and locate transient X-ray sources in the outburst phase. Once detected, this information will be provided for studies in all energy bands. The energy range of operation of SSM is 2–10 keV. The optimisation of the parameters of the proportional counter such as the cell size, the gas mixture and the gas pressure for the SSM are discussed here.     

硝基氧化剂废气污染治理

硝基氧化剂在使用过程中会产生大量的氮氧化物废气。对于氮氧化物的污染治理技术目前主要有化学吸收法，液膜法，催化脱除法，高能辐射法，冷冻法和吸附法等。这些方法各有其特点及合适的应用场合，在处理时要综合考虑废气的来源，组成，强度及费用，效果等各方面的因素，并在此 选择最佳处理方法。